Relationship Between Biochemistry and Medicine

The two main issues for employees in the health sciences are the comprehension and preservation of health and the knowing and powerful treating of diseases.

Biochemistry affects extremely on these two basic issues of medicine. In truth, the interrelationship of biochemistry and medicine is a broad, two-way road.

Biochemical research has lighted numerous facets of health and disease, and conversely, the research into numerous facets of health and disease has  exposed new aspects of biochemistry.


Examples on this two-way road are shown in the figure below:

 

 As an example,  an understanding of protein structure and function was essential to elucidate the the only biochemical distinction between regular hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin.

On the flip side, analysis of sickle cell hemoglobin has contributed considerably to the comprehension of the structure and function of each regular hemoglobin and as well as other proteins.

Newer attempts to to know the foundation of the genetic disease known as familial hypercholesterolemia, which outcomes in serious atherosclerosis from a young age, have resulted in remarkable improvement in understanding of cell receptors and also mechanisms of uptake of cholesterol into cells.

Research of oncogenes in cancer cells have instructed  focus to the molecular mechanisms involved in the management of regular cell growth. 

These and many other instances point out  how the examine of disease can open up areas of cell function for basic biochemical research.

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the major supply of calories for almost all people, which is  a macronutrient that the body requires in large dosages every day for correct working. Also carbohydrates  are very important to controlling diabetes and high blood sugar.

Carbohydrates are widely accessible in regular diets, even in the lowest countries, however the favored resources for  carbohydrates are cereals (wheat, rye, corn, etc.), fruits, and vegetables,  that also consist of sufficient fibers and and various nutrients.

Carbohydrates are customarily categorized as simple (sugars, ie, mono- and disaccharides) or complex (starches, ie, polysaccharides) depending on the the number of sugar molecules in their chemical structures.


Carbohydrates are divided into three general classes,  based on the number of carbohydrate molecules they comprise:

1- Monosaccharides: Individual carbohydrate molecules that can't be hydrolyzed to get smaller molecules of carbohydrate.

2- Disaccharides: are created by two monosaccharides connected with a glycosidic bond.

3-Polysaccharides: are created by three or more monosaccharides.

Carbohydrates that contain a few monosaccharide units  these are known as oligosaccharides. While those containing a great number of monosaccharide units are called polysaccharides. 

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Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are biological molecules necessary for life, including DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).  Together with proteins, nucleic acids form the most essential macromolecules;  every is situated in great quantity in every living things.

The very first seclusion of that which we now consider as DNA was achieved by Johann Friedrich Miescher 1870.

He noted getting a weakly citrus material of unidentified functionality inside nuclei of human white blood cells, and called this substance "nuclein".A several years after, Miescher divided nuclein into protein and nucleic acid elements.

In 1920's nucleic acids had been discovered to become main parts of chromosomes, smaller gene-carrying bodies inside nuclei of complicated cells.

The nucleic acids are extremely big molecules which have two major components. The spine of the nucleic acid consists of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules glued together in a long chain,showed below: 

 

sugar	phosphate	sugar	phosphate	...

Every one of the sugar groups within the spine is linked  (through the bond shown in red-colored) to a 3rd kind of molecule  known as a nucleotide base:

nucleotide base		nucleotide base
|		|
sugar	phosphate	sugar	phosphate	...

 There are actually two kinds of nitrogenous bases, purines, and pyrimidines. The purines are adenine(A), and guanine(G) and the pyrimidines are cytosine(C), Thymine(T), and Uracil(U). 

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Biomedical Importance of amino acids

Furthermore to supplying the monomer units by which  the lengthy polypeptide chains of proteins are synthesized, the L-α-amino acids as well as their derivatives take part in cellular functions as various as neural transmission plus the biosynthesis of porphyrins, purines, pyrimidines, and urea.

Small polymers of amino acids named peptides carry out dominant tasks in the neuroendocrine system as hormones, hormone-releasing factors, neuromodulators, or neurotransmitters.

  Although proteins include only L-α-amino acids, microorganisms intricate  peptides that includes both D- and L-α-amino acids.

Numerous of these peptides are of therapeutic importance, for example the antibiotics bacitracin and gramicidin A and the antitumor agent bleomycin.

A number of other microbial peptides are poisonous. The cyanobacterial peptides microcystin and nodularin are fatal in big dosage amounts, even though little amounts encourage the occurance of hepatic tumors.

Not humans nor any other higher animals can synthesize 10 of the 20 common L-α-amino acids in quantities sufficient to aid infant growth as well as keep health in adults.

Therefore, the human diet plan should consist of sufficient  amounts of those nutritionally necessary amino acids.

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Biochemistry and its importance

The definition of Biochemistry:

Biochemistry  may be defined as  the science concerned with  the chemical basis of life.

 The cell is the structural unit of living systems.

 Therefore, biochemistry can also be described as the science involved with the chemical constituents of living cells and also the reactions and procedures they undergo.

 By this definition, biochemistry includes big parts of of cell biology, of molecular biology, and of molecular genetics.

Biochemistry can also be the science in which chemistry is employed to the study of living organisms and the atoms and molecules which constitute living organisms.

 Biochemistry can also be the study of life from a molecular perspective, from the simplest   microorganism, like virus and bacteria, to the most complicated plants and animals.

 Biochemistry can also be the study of the chemistry of the living world. Biochemists study organisms at the molecular level so as to know how they carry out life processes.

Importance of Biochemistry:

Biochemistry is actually a dynamic, exciting science that that contributes important information to biology, medicine, nutrition, agriculture, physiology, genetics, and immunology; practically all of the primary specialities on the life sciences.

Comprehension of biochemistry is really important for students preparing jobs in physical therapy, physician assistant, human medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and pharmacy.

Because each woman and man biochemistry is various, and because their biochemistry changes as they matures, selecting the right fragrance and cologne from products could be more complex than it might seem.

 The Undergraduate subjects in biochemistry is designed to provide a good scientific education with experience in chemistry and the physical sciences and also a powerful backdrop within the biological sciences.

Computational biochemistry:

Computational biochemistry is a wide control working by using computer systems to facilitate biochemistry, covering a great deal of  topics, from molecular biology, metabolism and genetics, to theoretical biophysics.

The effect of biochemistry is now being felt in several areas of human being life via this type of research, and the findings are fuelling the development of the life sciences in general.

  Biochemistry is no longer the academics tool of medical researchers but, having accepted its sister specialities in the physical as well as  biological sciences, has gotten on new significance because big commitment of  biotechnology  looms prior to us.

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